Federalism Under Fire: India’s Delimitation Dilemma

The Big Picture: India’s federal structure faces a stress test as the 2026 delimitation looms, pitting states against each other over political representation. Southern leaders, especially from Telangana, argue the current system undermines cooperative federalism, exposing deep challenges in balancing power between the Union and states.

What’s Happening:

• Telangana’s Cry: CM Revanth Anumula demands South India’s Lok Sabha share rise to 33% (from 24%) and an exemption from population-based delimitation, claiming the South’s nation-building role is at risk. BRS’s KTR pushes for a Union that acts as a “big brother,” not a “big boss,” under #CooperativeFederalism.
• The Divide: Southern states, with controlled population growth, fear losing seats to northern giants like Uttar Pradesh, threatening their federal clout.

Key Federalism Challenges:

• Equity vs. Democracy: Population-based delimitation aligns with “one person, one vote” but punishes states that curbed growth—a federal fairness issue. South India’s 24% Lok Sabha share could shrink, diluting its voice.
• Central Overreach: KTR warns of coercive federalism, where Union policies (like delimitation freezes) override state interests, eroding trust. Southern states see a “big boss” dynamic.
• Uneven Growth Rewards: States driving economic progress (e.g., Telangana, Tamil Nadu) feel sidelined compared to high-population regions, challenging the federal bargain of mutual support.
• Resource Allocation: More seats mean more MPs or MLAs, but fiscal devolution via the Finance Commission often favors populous states, straining southern budgets and autonomy.

Proposed Fixes, Federalism Lens:

• Assembly Boost: Increasing state assembly seats while freezing Lok Sabha preserves federal balance, empowering states internally without Union dominance. (Analysts, The Hindu)
• Financial Incentives: Reward population control with bigger Finance Commission shares, easing federal tensions without seat fights. (Tamil Nadu’s Stalin)
• Consensus Model: National dialogue for flexible delimitation rules strengthens cooperative federalism, giving states a say. (Takshashila)

By the Numbers:

• Lok Sabha seats frozen since 1971 Census (42nd Amendment, extended 2001).
• South: 130/543 seats (24%); North (e.g., UP, Bihar) holds ~40%.
• Assembly example: Telangana (119 seats) vs. UP (403 seats)—population disparity vs. federal parity.

The Catch:

• Northern Pushback: High-growth states argue federalism shouldn’t trump their democratic weight, risking deadlock.
• Union Power Grab: Freezes or exemptions could entrench central control, not state strength—ironic for KTR’s vision.
• Trust Deficit: Decades of perceived bias (e.g., tax devolution) fuel southern skepticism, complicating consensus.

Smart Take: Federalism thrives when states feel heard, not just counted. Boosting assembly seats offers a federal-friendly workaround, but without Union-state collaboration, resentment festers.

Bottom Line: Delimitation isn’t just about seats—it’s a referendum on Indian federalism. Telangana’s pleas spotlight the stakes: a Union that binds states equitably, or one that frays under regional rivalries.