WHERE ARE THE AJIVIKA’S? “Ajivika is one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy. Believed to be founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosāla, it was a Śramaṇa movement and a major rival of Vedic religion, early Buddhism, and Jainism. Ājīvikas were organized renunciates who formed discrete communities. The precise identity of the Ājīvikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the Buddhists or the Jains. Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ājīvikas in the secondary sources of ancient Indian literature. The oldest descriptions of the Ājīvika fatalists and their founder Gosāla can be found both in the Buddhist and Jaina scriptures of ancient India. Scholars question whether Ājīvika philosophy has been fairly and completely summarized in these secondary sources, as t...
By Nagesh Bhushan 1. Understanding the "Budget vs. Actual" Concept In public finance, a budget is a statement of political intent—a moral "promise" made by a government to its constituents. It outlines how the state proposes to allocate resources over a fiscal year. However, for a policy analyst, the budget document is merely the starting line. The true measure of a government’s priorities is found in actual expenditure : the funds that are truly released and utilized. The core of the grievance often voiced by marginalized communities is found in the "utilization gap." When a government allocates significant sums on paper but fails to release the funds, the "promise" remains unfulfilled. In this context, spending is the only reliable metric of governance. Key Insight: The Mask of General Utilization High overall budget utilization (e.g., a state spending 88% of its total budget) can create a "Fiscal Illusion." It allows the ...