“WHEN justice is accessible to all, delivered in a timely manner, and reaches every individual regardless of their social or financial background—that is when it truly becomes the foundation of social justice.” Thus declared Narendra Modi on November 8th, addressing a conference on legal-aid delivery at the Supreme Court. The prime minister’s cadence was vintage: soaring, inclusive, unassailable. The facts on the ground—and in comparative perspective—are rather less inspiring. Start with timeliness. India’s courts are choked with over 50m pending cases; the Supreme Court alone carries more than 80,000. Average resolution times stretch to a decade in lower courts. Judicial vacancies stand at 40%—some 5,000 posts unfilled despite repeated pledges. The judiciary’s budget is a derisory 0.08% of GDP. Lok adalats, the government’s flagship fast-track mechanism, dispose of just 1-2% of cases annually. Contrast this with peers: Britain’s Crown Courts clear 90% of criminal cases within a year; ...