Cognitive Biases Related to "Upper Caste" and "Lower Caste"

Cognitive biases related to caste, particularly in the context of "upper caste" and "lower caste," intersect with psychological phenomena like the Pygmalion effect and the Golem effect. Here's a concise explanation of these concepts and their connections:

Cognitive Bias and Caste

Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that influence judgments and decisions. In the context of caste, biases often manifest as stereotypes, prejudices, or assumptions about individuals based on their caste identity ("upper caste" or "lower caste"). These biases are rooted in historical, social, and cultural structures, particularly in societies like India, where the caste system has deep historical significance.

• Upper Caste Bias: People may unconsciously or consciously assume that individuals from "upper castes" (e.g., Brahmins, Kshatriyas) are inherently more capable, intelligent, or morally superior due to historical privileges and societal narratives. This can lead to favoritism, better opportunities, and positive reinforcement for upper-caste individuals.
• Lower Caste Bias: Conversely, individuals from "lower castes" (e.g., Dalits, Shudras) may face negative stereotypes, such as being perceived as less competent, lazy, or unfit for leadership. This bias can result in discrimination, exclusion, and reduced opportunities.

These biases are often perpetuated by confirmation bias (seeking evidence that supports preconceived notions about caste) and in-group bias (favoring those from one's own caste group).

Pygmalion Effect

The Pygmalion effect refers to a phenomenon where higher expectations lead to improved performance in individuals. In the caste context:

• Upper-caste individuals may benefit from this effect, as societal expectations often assume their competence, leading to better performance due to encouragement, resources, and opportunities.
• For example, teachers or employers may expect more from upper-caste individuals, providing them with more support, which enhances their outcomes.

Golem Effect

The Golem effect is the opposite, where lower expectations lead to poorer performance. In the caste context:

• Lower-caste individuals may face this effect due to negative stereotypes and low expectations from society, teachers, or employers. This can result in reduced confidence, limited opportunities, and underperformance.
• For instance, a teacher assuming a lower-caste student is less capable may give them less attention, leading to poorer academic outcomes.

Interconnection

• Caste and Pygmalion/Golem Effects: Cognitive biases about caste amplify the Pygmalion and Golem effects. Upper-caste individuals are more likely to experience the Pygmalion effect due to positive societal expectations, while lower-caste individuals are more susceptible to the Golem effect due to negative stereotypes.
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Both effects create a feedback loop. Positive expectations for upper-caste individuals reinforce their success, while negative expectations for lower-caste individuals hinder their progress, perpetuating caste-based inequalities.
• Systemic Impact: These biases and effects are not just individual but systemic, embedded in education, employment, and social interactions, where caste influences access to resources and opportunities.

Example

• Education: A teacher might assume an upper-caste student is naturally gifted (Pygmalion effect), providing extra support, leading to better grades. Meanwhile, a lower-caste student might be ignored or underestimated (Golem effect), resulting in disengagement and poorer performance.
• Workplace: An upper-caste employee might be given leadership roles due to assumed competence, while a lower-caste employee might be overlooked, reinforcing stereotypes.

Mitigating These Biases

• Awareness and Education: Recognizing caste-based biases and their impact on expectations can help individuals and institutions counteract them.
• Equal Opportunities: Providing equitable access to resources, mentorship, and opportunities can disrupt the Pygmalion/Golem cycle.
• Challenging Stereotypes: Actively questioning assumptions about caste and promoting inclusive narratives can reduce bias.