Non-State Special Operations: Capabilities and Effects — A Book Review Article Ian Rice and Craig Whiteside, London: Routledge, 2026, 167 pp., US $190 (hardcover) Nov 10, 2026 · Chuppala Nagesh Bhushan Rice and Whiteside argue that violent non-state actors (VNSAs) do not only bomb, ambush and terrorise: some of them plan and execute operations built to change the course of a whole campaign, much as state special operations forces do. That claim is the core of Non-State Special Operations: Capabilities and Effects , and it challenges a field that has long treated special operations as the preserve of states. Why the question matters Special operations scholarship has been written almost entirely from the state's point of view: elite units, selection, doctrine, and the strategic value of small teams. Terrorism and insurgency scholarship, for its part, tends to treat attacks as a stream of incidents to be counted and categorised. Between the two sits a set of events that f...